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“This is not a regular airport,” Margaretta D’Arcy told me as we heard a C-130T Hercules plane prepare to take off from Shannon Airport, in Ireland on September 11. The enormous United States Navy aircraft had flown from Sigonella, a US naval air station in Italy. A few minutes earlier, a US Navy C-40A left Shannon for a US military base in Stuttgart, Germany, after flying in from Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia.

Shannon is not a regular airport, D’Arcy said, because while it is merely a civilian airport, it allows US military planes to fly in and out of it, with Gate 42 of the airport functioning as its “forward operating base”.

D’Arcy, 88, who is a legendary Irish actress and documentary filmmaker, is a regular member of , comprising a group of activists who have — since 2008 — held monthly vigils at a roundabout near the airport. Shannonwatch’s are to “end US military use of Shannon Airport, to stop rendition flights through the airport and to obtain accountability for both from the relevant Irish authorities and political leaders”.

Irish military veteran Edward Horgan, who has been on peacekeeping missions to Cyprus and Palestine, said the vigil is vital. “It’s important that we come here every month,” he said, “because without this there is no visible opposition” to the footprint of the US military in Ireland.

According to Shannonwatch’s report “”, the use of the airport as a US forward operating base began in 2002–03, and this transformation “was, and still is, deeply offensive to the majority of Irish people”.

Article 29 of the of 1937 sets in place the framework for the country’s neutrality. Allowing a foreign military to use Irish soil violates Article 2 of the 1907 , to which Ireland is a signatory. Nonetheless, said John Lannon from Shannonwatch, the Irish government has allowed almost 3 million US troops to pass through Shannon Airport since 2002 and has even assigned a permanent staff officer to the airport. “Irish airspace and Shannon Airport became the virtual property of the US war machine,” said Niall Farrell from the Galway Alliance Against War. “Irish neutrality was truly dead.”

‘Pitstop of Death’

D’Arcy’s eyes gleam as she recounts her time at the Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp in Berkshire, England, involving activists from Wales, which was set up to prevent the storage and passage of US cruise missiles at the Greenham Common military base. The camp in 1981 and lasted until 2000.

D’Arcy went to jail three times during this struggle — out of a total of at least 20 times she was in prison for her antiwar activism. “It was good,” she said, “because we got rid of the weapons and the land was restored to the people. It took 19 years. Women consistently fought until we got what we wanted”.

When D’Arcy was arrested, prison authorities strip-searched her. She refused to put her clothes back on and went on a hunger strike and naked protest. In doing so, she forced the prison authorities to stop the practice of performing strip searches. “If you act with dignity, then you force them to treat you with dignity,” she said.

Part of this act of dignity includes refusing to allow her country’s airport to be used as part of US wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Since 2002, several brave people have entered the airport and attempted to deface US aircraft. On September 5, 2002, Eoin Dubsky “” on a US warplane (for which he was fined); and on January 29, 2003, Mary Kelly took an axe onto the runway and a military plane, causing US$1.5 million in damage; she was also fined.

A few weeks later, on February 3, the Pitstop Ploughshares,a group of five activists belonging to the Catholic Worker Movement, attacked a US Navy C-40 aircraft — the same one that Kelly had previously damaged — with hammers and a pickaxe. This is a story vividly by Harry Browne in Hammered by the Irish. They also spray-painted “” on a hangar.

D’Arcy and Farrell marched the runway in 2012 to protest the airport being used by US planes. Arrested and convicted, they nonetheless to the runway the next year in orange jumpsuits.

During the court proceedings in June 2014, D’Arcy grilled the airport authorities about why they had not arrested the pilot of an armed US Hercules plane that arrived at Shannon Airport four days after their arrest on the runway. “Are there two sets of rules — one for people like us trying to stop the bombing and one for the bombers?” she . Shannon Airport’s inspector Pat O’Neill replied, “I don’t understand the question”.

“This is a civilian airport,” D’Arcy said as she gestured toward the runway. “How does a government allow the military to use a civilian airport?”

Extraordinary renditions

The US government began illegally transporting prisoners from Afghanistan and other places to its prison in the Guantánamo Bay detention camp and other “” in Europe, North Africa and West Asia. The act of transporting the prisoners came to be known as “extraordinary rendition”.

When Ireland’s foreign affairs minister Dermot Ahern was asked about the “extraordinary rendition” flights into Shannon Airport in 2005, he : “If anyone has any evidence of any of these flights, please give me a call and I will have it immediately investigated.” Amnesty International replied that it had direct evidence that up to six CIA chartered planes had used Shannon Airport about 50 times. Amnesty International produced a thorough four years later that showed that their earlier number was deflated and that likely hundreds of such US military flights had flown in and out of the airport.

While the Irish government over the years has said that it this practice, the Irish police — the Garda Síochána — have not boarded these flights to inspect them. As a signatory of the (signed in 1953) and the (adopted in 1984 and ratified in 1987), Ireland is duty-bound to prevent collaboration with “extraordinary rendition” — a position taken by the .

Irish MPs Mick Wallace and Clare Daly were at Shannon Airport in 2014 for trying to search two US aircraft that they believed were carrying “troops and armaments”. They were frustrated by the Irish government’s false assurances. “How do they know? Did they search the planes? Of course not,” Wallace and Daly said.

Meanwhile, according to the Shannonwatch : “Rather than take measures to identify past involvement in rendition or to prevent further complicity, successive Irish [g]overnments have simply denied any possibility that Irish airports or airspace were used by US rendition planes.”

Conor Cregan rode his bicycle near Shannon Airport in 2006. Airport police inspector Lillian O’Shea — who recognised him from protests — confronted him, but Cregan rode off. He was eventually arrested. At Cregan’s trial, O’Shea that police had been told to stop and harass the activists at the airport. Zoe Lawlor of Shannonwatch said that “harassment such as this reinforces the importance of our protest”.

Sinn Féin — the largest opposition party in the Northern Ireland Assembly — put forward a in 2003 and 2015 to enshrine the concept of neutrality into the Irish Constitution. Sinn Féin MP Seán Crowe the government has “sold Irish neutrality piece by piece against the wishes of the people”.

If the idea of neutrality is adopted by the Irish people, it will be because of the sacrifices of people such as D’Arcy, Farrell, and Kelly.

[This article was produced by . Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at Globetrotter. He is an editor of and the director of .]